Keywords
dysbiosis
food allergy
cow’s milk allergy
How to Cite
Abstract
The microbiota is the complex community of microorganisms that colonize the human body. The gut microbiota is the most diverse and abundant, hosting more than 100 trillion microbial cells and 1,000 different species. Among its several functions, the gut microbiota contributes to the modulation of the immune response and oral tolerance to foods. Gut dysbiosis, which refers to alterations or imbalances in the composition and/or function of the gut microbiota, has been described in several metabolic and immune disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, obesity, asthma, and allergies. The structure of the microbiota in the first 6 months of life is relevant in the development of allergies, and gut dysbiosis could influence both their appearance and course. One of the most common food allergies is cow’s milk allergy (CMA). This work aims to present a bibliographic overview of the characteristics of the gut microbiota in patients with CMA, identify the factors that influence its conformation at an early age, and analyze whether certain alterations in the microbiota could be associated with the development of CMA. For this purpose, a bibliographic search was performed in PubMed (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), using the indicated keywords, and clinical studies and reviews from the last 15 years were selected and analyzed. The bibliography consulted shows that, despite technological advances in sequencing and bioinformatic analysis, the bacteria involved in the development of allergic diseases are not yet known in detail, and even controversial results have been found. This shows the need to continue advancing in the study of the microbiota of pediatric populations, and of the alterations that occur in children with CMA.
References
Berg G, Rybakova D, Fisher D, Cernava T, Champonier Verges M, Charles T et al. Microbiome definition revisited: old concepts and new challenges. Microbiome 2020, 8:103-125. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00875-0
Allaband C, Mc Donald D, Vázquez-Baeza Y, Minich J, Tripathi A, Brenner D et al. Studying, analyzing and interpreting gut microbiome data for clinicians. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019, 17(2): 218-230. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.09.017
Ley R, Peterson D and Gordon J. Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the human intestine. Cell 2006, 124: 837-854. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.017
Rutayisire E, Huang K, Liu Y and Tao F. The mode of delivery affects the diversity and colonization pattern of the gut microbiota during the first year of infants´ life: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol 2016, 16: 86-98. DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0498-0
Pascal M, Pérez-Gordo M, Caballero T, Escribese M, López Longo MN, Luengo O et al. Microbiome and allergic diseases. Front Immunol 2018, Vol 9; 1584: 1-9. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01584
Bridgman S, Kozyrskyj A, Scott J, Becker A and Azad M. Gut microbiota and allergic disease in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016, 116: 99-105. DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2015.10.001
Milani C, Duranti S, Bottacini F, Casey E, Turroni F, Mahony J et al. The first colonizers of the human gut: composition, activities and Health implications of the infant gut microbiota. Microbiol and Biol Molecular Rev 2017; 81(4): 1-67. DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00036-17
Derrien M, Álvarez As and de Vos W. The gut microbiota in the first decade of life. Trends in Microbiology 2019, 27(12): 997-1008. DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.08.001
Akagawa S, Akagawa Y, Yamanouchi S, Kimata T, Tsuji S and Kaneko K. Development of the gut microbiota and disbiosis in children. Bioscience of Microbiota 2021, 40(1): 12-18. DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2020-034
Peroni D, Nuzzi G, Trambusti I, Di Cicco ME and Comberiati P. Microbiome composition and its impact on the development of allergic diseases. Front Immunol 2020, 11 (700): 1-8. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00700
Jiménez E, Marín ML, Martín R, Odriozola JM, Olivares M, Xaus J et al. Is meconium form healthy newborns actually sterile? Res Microbiol 2008, 51:270-274. DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2007.12.007
Martín V, Maldonado-Barragán A, Moles L, Rodríguez-Baños M, Del Campo R, Fernández L et al. Sharing of bacterial strains between breast milk and infant feces. J Human Lactation 2012, 28(1): 36-44. DOI: 10.1177/0890334411424729
Shu SA, Yuen A, Woo E, Chu K, Kwan H, Yang G et al. Microbiota and food allergy. Clin Rev Allerg and Immunol 2019, 57(1): 83-97. DOI: 10.1007/s12016-018-8723-y
Iweala O and Nagler C. The microbiome and food allergy. Annu Rev Immunol 2019, 37: 377-403. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041621
Berni Canani R, De Filippis F, Nocerino R, Paparo L, Di Scala C, Cosenza L et al. Gut microbiome composition and butyrate production in children affected by non-IgE-mediated cow´s milk allergy. Scientific reports 2018. 8; 12500: 1-10. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30428-3
Sestito S, D´Auria E, Baldasarre ME, Salvatore S, Tallarico V, Stefanelli E et al. The role of prebiotics and probiotics in prevention of allergic diseases in infants. Front Pediatr 2020; 8 (583946): 1-28. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.583946
Noce A, Marrone G, Di Daniele F, Ottaviani E, Wilson Jones G, Bernini R et al. Impact of Gut microbiota on onset and progression of chronic non-comunicable diseases. Nutrients 2019; 11(1073): 1-35. DOI: 10.3390/nu11051073
Acevedo N, Alhamwe BA, Caraballo L, Ding M, Ferrante A, Gran H et al. Perinatal and Early-Life Nutrition, Epigenetics, and Allergy. Nutrients 2021,13 (724): 1-50. DOI: 10.3390/nu13030724
Bunyanavich S, Shen N, Grishin A, Wood R, Burks W, Dawson P et al. Earlylife gut microbiome and milk allergy resolution. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016, 138(4): 1122-1130. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.041
Dong P, Feng JJ, Yan DY, Lyu YJ and Xu X. Early-life gut microbiome
and cow´4 milk allergy- a prospective case-control 6 month followup study. Saudi J of BiolSciences 2018, 25:875-880. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.11.051
Mehaudy R, Parisi C, Petriz N, Eymann A, Jauregu MB and Orsi M. Prevalencia de alergia a la proteína de leche de vaca en niños en un hospital universitario de la comunidad. Arch Arg Ped 2018, 3:216-233. DOI: 10.5546/aap.2018.eng.219
Bozzola M, Marchetti P, Cosentino M, Corti M, Petriz N and Parisi C. Alergia a la proteína de la lecha de vaca. Evaluación de su resolución espontánea por medio de desafíos doble ciego placebo controlados. Arch Alerg e Inmunol Clin 2015, 46(2): 44-48. Disponible en: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-916286
Díaz M, Guadamuro L, Espinosa-Martos I, Mancabelli L, Jiménez S, Molinos-Norniella C et al. Microbiota and derived parameters in fecal simples of infants with non-IgE cow´s milk protein allergy under a restricted diet. Nutrients 2018, 10 (1481): 1-11. DOI: 10.3390/nu10101481
Meninni M, Fierro V, Di Nardo G, Pecora V and Fiocchi A. Microbiota in non-IgE mediated food allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2020, 20:323-328. DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000644
Rachid R and Chatila T. The role of the gut microbiota in food allergy. Curr Opin Pediatr 2016, 28: 748-753. DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000427
Di Costanzo M, Carucci L, Berni Canani R and Biasucci G. Gut Microbiome Modulation for Preventing and Treating Pediatric Food Allergies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21 (5275): 1-17. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155275
Noval Rivas M, Burton O, Wise P, Zhang Y, Hobson S, Garcia Lloret M et al. A microbiota signature associated with experimental food allergy promotes allergic sensitization and anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013, 131:201-212. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.026
Feehley T, Plunkett C, Bao R, Hong SM, Culleen E, Belda-Ferre P et al. Healthy infants harbor intestinal bacteria that protect against food allergy. Nature Medicine 2019, 25: 448-453. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0324-z
Fiocchi A, Brozek J, Schünemann H, Bahna S, von Berg A, Beyer K et al. World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow’s Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21: 1-125. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01068.x
Mitselou N, Hallberg J, Stephansson O, Almqvist C, Melén E, Ludvigsson J el at. Cesarean delivery, preterm birth, and risk of food allergy: Nationwide Swedish Cohort study of more than 1 million children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142(5): 1510-1516. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.044
Ling Z, Li Z, Cheng Y, Luo Y, Tong X, Yuang L et al. Altered fecal microbiota composition associated with food allergy in infants. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014, 80(8): 2546-54. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00003-14
Chen CC, Chen KJ, Kong MS, Chang HJ and Huang JL. Alterations in the gut microbiota of children with food sensitization in early life. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016, 27:254-262. DOI: 10.1111/pai.12522
Azad MB, Konya T, Guttman DS, Field CJ, Sears MR, Hayglass KT et al. Infant gut microbiota and food sensitization: associations in the first year of life. Clin Exp Allergy 2015, 45(3): 632-43. DOI: 10.1111/cea.12487
Berni Canani R, Sangwan N, Stefka A, Nocerino R, Paparo L, Aitoro R et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-supplemented formulae expands butyrate- producing bacterial strains in food allergic infants. ISME J 2016, 10:742-750. DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.151
Inoue R, Sawai T, Sawai C, Nakatani M, Romero-Pérez G, Ozeki M et al. A preliminary study of gut disbiosis in children with food allergy. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 2017, 81(12): 2396-2399. DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1383849
Fazlollahi M, Chun Y, Grishin A, Wood RA, Burks AW, Dawson P et al. Early-life gut microbiome and egg allergy. Allergy 2018, 73:1515-24. DOI: 10.1111/all.13389
Savage et al. A prospective microbiome-wide association study of food sensitization and food allergy in childhood. Allergy 2018, 73:145-152. DOI: 10.1111/all.13232
Thompson-Chagoyan O, Vieites J, Maldonado J, Edwards C and Gil A. Changes in faecal microbiota of infants with cow’s milk protein allergy – a Spanish prospective case–control 6-month follow-up study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010, 21: 394–400. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00961.x